It is one of the most common dental disorders in our society. If the teeth cannot find enough space to settle on the jaw arch, it may cause the teeth to appear to be on top of each other and positioned higher than other teeth. In these cases, jaw expansion, tooth extraction, some abrasion between the teeth within physiological limits, and different mechanical force applications inside or outside the mouth may be required for treatment.

Dental crowding is an orthodontic disorder in which teeth are not aligned properly, overlapping each other, or leaning toward each other. This can lead to both aesthetic and functional problems. Tooth crowding can occur for a variety of reasons and, if left untreated, can lead to long-term dental health problems.

When the jawbone is large and wide and the teeth are small, gaps may appear between the teeth. This situation is caused by genetic incompatibility in the teeth and jaw genes inherited from the mother and father. It can also be seen when the tooth structure is small in a normal jaw width. If the gaps are large enough to be closed orthodontically, they can be easily corrected, but sometimes if the teeth will move too far back when the gaps are closed and the aesthetics of the smile will be impaired, combined treatment with other aesthetic restorations can be applied.

Interdental gaps are situations where there is more space between the teeth than normal, and this can lead to both aesthetic and functional problems. With orthodontic treatment, these gaps can be closed and a more accurate tooth alignment can be achieved. Treatment of interdental spaces may vary depending on the cause, width and location of the spaces.

In an ideal jaw relationship, when the teeth are closing, the upper jaw covers the lower jaw like a lid. The upper front teeth are 2-3 mm in front of the lower front teeth. The upper back teeth are also slightly outside the lower teeth. However, due to lack of development in the upper jaw, the lower jaw may appear wider. The most important reasons for stenosis in the upper jaw are mouth breathing, sleeping with the mouth open, and some wrong habits that will disrupt the jaw structure. In the treatment of jaw stenosis, expansion can be made using palate-supported screw appliances, depending on the amount of stenosis and the age of the patient. If growth and development have stopped and there are serious stenosis, combined treatment with jaw surgery may be required.

These are situations in which the upper jaw teeth are in front of the lower jaw teeth and appear protruding. The reason for this situation may be that the upper jaw is forward or the lower jaw is positioned behind. Sometimes both may even appear together. Accurate determination of the patient’s age and jaw positions is critical in its treatment. It is very important that the patient is in the growth period, especially in cases of lower jaw retardation.

The upper jaw being forward is a common condition among orthodontic disorders and is usually called class II malocclusion. This condition occurs when the upper teeth move too far in front of the lower teeth and can cause both aesthetic and functional problems.

These are cases where the lower jaw appears more forward than the upper jaw. While there may be cases where it is visible from the outside, there may also be cases where it is visible only on one or two front teeth. If the problem is only dental, it can be easily solved with oral appliances in the early stages. If the problem is that the upper jaw is skeletally backward, it can be solved with extra-oral appliances at an early age. If treatment is required in adulthood, combined treatment with jaw surgery can be considered.

Underbite is a condition that is among the orthodontic disorders and is usually called class III malocclusion. This disorder is characterized by the lower teeth being located in front of the upper teeth. An underbite can cause both aesthetic and functional problems and usually requires early diagnosis and treatment.

It is a disorder that causes the lower jaw to lag behind the upper jaw, causing the tip of the chin to appear darker. It is important to catch the patient’s growth spurt period in the treatment. During this period, the lower jaw can be brought forward with the use of removable intraoral appliances. However, surgical treatment may be required in adult patients.

Lower jaw recession is a condition that is among orthodontic disorders and is often called retrognathia. This disorder is characterized by the lower jaw being positioned further back than the upper jaw. Lower jaw recession can cause both aesthetic and functional problems and usually requires early diagnosis and treatment.

It is the most genetically transmitted disorder. It is characterized by “reverse bite” where the lower teeth come in front of the upper teeth and the chin tip is prominent. The cause may be the upper jaw being forward, the lower jaw being forward, or a combination of both. Treatment at an early age can be done with the use of some devices called “face masks”. However, surgical treatment may be required in adult patients.

Mandibular prognathism is a condition that is among the orthodontic disorders and is often called mandibular prognathism. This disorder is characterized by the lower jaw being positioned more forward than the upper jaw. Mandibular protrusion can lead to both aesthetic and functional problems and usually requires early diagnosis and treatment.

Some teeth in the mouth may not be formed congenitally or may be lost due to decay, trauma, infection, etc. In such cases, support is received from orthodontic treatment to close the gap of the missing tooth or to prepare the place for restorations such as implant prosthesis to be placed in the area.

Missing teeth are a common condition among orthodontic disorders and are characterized by the failure of some teeth to form during tooth development. Missing teeth are classified as anodontia (all teeth are missing) and hypodontia (one or several teeth are missing). This condition can lead to both aesthetic and functional problems and often requires orthodontic treatment.

Sometimes, teeth cannot reach the point where they should erupt in the mouth. There may be teeth that are blocked due to early milk tooth extraction. Or the milk tooth may fall out and lose its way within the jawbone as it moves towards the permanent tooth. In such cases, the position of the tooth within the jawbone is evaluated and if it can be replaced, it can be treated with the collaboration of orthodontic surgery. The most commonly impacted teeth are wisdom teeth. The upper canine teeth come second.

Impacted teeth are teeth that cannot fully emerge in the mouth and remain within the jawbone or soft tissue. This condition is common among orthodontic disorders and is usually found in third molars (wisdom teeth), canines and premolars. Impacted teeth can cause both aesthetic and functional problems and cause various complications.

In a normal bite, the upper front teeth should cover the lower front teeth by 2-3 mm. The situation where the upper teeth cover the lower teeth by 4 mm or more is called “deep bite”. Sometimes the lower incisors are even completely covered by the upper incisors. In this patient group, which generally has strong chewing muscles, long-term tooth wear problems may occur.

Deep bite is an orthodontic disorder that occurs when the teeth protrude too far in front of the upper jaw. This condition is characterized by the upper front teeth being too far forward compared to the lower front teeth. Deep bite can cause both aesthetic and functional problems and may require treatment.

When viewed from the front, the upper front teeth do not cover the lower front teeth at all in the vertical direction, and if the front teeth do not come into contact at all while the back teeth are in contact, this situation is called “anterior open bite”. Bad habits such as thumb sucking, improper swallowing (tongue thrusting) and mouth breathing in children are the most important factors of this condition. These patients cannot make a tearing movement by biting with their front teeth. If it is noticed early in the treatment, it can be expected to improve by quitting the habit, and anti-habit devices can be used. Intraoral and extraoral mechanics can be used for treatment at adolescent and young ages. Depending on the amount of exposure and clinical examination findings, surgery may also be necessary.